A passive component is a physical structure or circuit layout that performs one or multiple linear electronic functions without resorting to and consuming external biasing or controlling electric and/or magnetic sources. this chapter presents passive components that are composed of lumped or distributed elements or a combination of both. at lower frequencies, the emphasis is on lumped elements to keep circuit dimensions small. at higher frequencies, the quality of lumped elements deteriorates rapidly, and mostly distributed elements are employed. microwave circuits are a combination of passive and active components, whereby the passive part easily makes up 75% or more of the circuit real estate area. a microwave signal passing through a passive component always experiences losses and dissipates power. a passive component is described as a closed-form network of one or multiple ports. the simplest form of a passive component is a section of transmission line bounded by certain impedance conditions, including short and open (electrically).

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